Conor here: A useful reminder. Although I’m unsure how much has to do with Western values and culture Neuberger cites as opposed to how a system that rewards sociopaths will ultimately warp culture and values. Nowadays there are certainly non-Western societies that are just as rapacious as those in the West.
There are also still small communities not organized around capitalism, such as Ashaninka villages in Peru that practice real direct democracy on a smaller, manageable scale and live in reciprocity with the environment. Long ago this used to be commonplace, but I’d have to disagree with Neuberger’s conclusion that we could have this the minute we want to. The rich that will never surrender their ill-gotten wealth and power and a whole lot of people who want that wealth for themselves. Even countries that try to experiment with new modes new modes of production, distribution, and reproduction are targeted relentlessly and ruthlessly by the capitalist gangsters. Best to have a plan for that.
By Thomas Neuburger. Originally published at God’s Spies
“Is modern capitalist man the inevitable end of social evolution? Many believe it is. Or is our current culture merely a choice, and a bad one, a choice that somehow went global?”
—Yours truly, here
The questions about capitalism that are more and more being asked — Is it inevitable? Is it the cause of our grief? Are there really alternatives? — are related to the questions we’ve been exploring in our “Dawn of Everything” and “Western hegemony” series.
Capitalists would have us believe that the forward march of what they call “civilization” is linear; it’s not a flowering bush with a great many ends, but a single-stemmed rose topped by what we experience as rapacious capitalism, or some other flavor of that — control for the few, exploitation for everyone else.
There’s no avoiding capitalist state organization, according to them, and there’s nothing further ahead — no Star Trek utopian world where greed disappears, social hierarchy is flatter and money’s an artifact of a less evolved time. That’s fantasy, they say; freedom means freedom to chase money and food, or starve.
And yet…
The West Is Not the World
And yet, while the West, overrun and ruled by warlike Indo-Europeans since pre-literate days, lived lives organized like this…
Europe in 1500 (source)
…and further east, organized like this…
The Ottoman Empire and its neighbors, the Safavid Empire and the kingdoms and empires of Europe (source)
…not all of the world followed suit.
Life in Non-Hierarchical America
If states and empires, exploitation and greed, rigid social hierarchy and exploitation of labor are the inevitable endpoint of “evolving” toward “civilization,” what accounts for this? How did it remain stable?
Major language groups in pre-invasion North America (source)
Note: These are language groups, not nations.
Yes, some of these places held kingdoms — the Aztec, the Mayan — but most did not. Most held people who lived in villages and tribes, with flat social hierarchies, no enforced labor, no communities of men and women starved for food while those around them ate well and picked at their bones.
Can you imagine Original Americans allowing most to die while a few hoarded all the food? The hoarding itself would have been thought a crime, and punished severely.
When Original Americans (those we call “Indians”) encountered Europeans, they were appalled at the way they lived. For example, here’s how whites treated whites along the Oregon Trail (transcribed by the author from an Oregon Trail museum display):
Many travelers expressed mixed feelings about the forts [that dotted the trail]. They were eager to see them, but complained about what they found. The prices were too high, the inhabitants too savage [the museum’s language], and their appearance disappointing.
Chester Ingersoll wrote in 1847 that Fort Hall was “the worst place ever for emigrants that we have seen — they are almost destitute of honesty or human feelings.”
In contrast, when the “emigrant” whites, those in the wagon trains, encountered Original Americans, they found help. This is another transcription from a museum display about life on the Oregon Trail:
The First Ones
Cayuse. Walla Walla. Nez Perce. People who have lived for centuries in a land you’ve never seen before. Superstition and fear [of Original Americans by the emigrants] gradually fade as the Indians offer guidance for the lost, horses for the hobbling, and food for the hungry.
Tonight, after trading with a Cayuse fisherman, you’ll enjoy fresh salmon. The cost? Two fishhooks and a red flannel shirt.
The difference between the two in treatment of others? Culture. Ways of living. Values. The culture of the West as displayed by those in the fort. The culture of non-Western Americans as displayed by their welcome. Life in the 1500s on two different continents.
Bottom Line
“Civilization” and “freedom” as we know it, we in the father-god West, was a choice by our conquering ancestors, an inherited culture, just one way to live. There were and are other ways, with much different values.
Life doesn’t evolve on a line from “savage” to “civilized.” That’s a myth of the West, almost its founding myth. What we call “civilization” is actually savage, and others have chosen differently.
As can we, the minute we want to.
